Natural Science Forum / Physics / Particle Physics / November 2004

For the relativistic doppler shift:

change in wavelength = (c - Vs) To / (1 - Vs ^2 /c^2)^1/2

where Vs is emitter velocity, c is speed of light and To is time.

Suppose change in wavelength was equal to just 1 / (1 - Vs ^2 /
c^2)^1/2

then (c - Vs) To = 1
c -Vs = 1 / To

c = Vs + 1 / To
c = Vs + frequency of emitted wave

I now suggest that for M = Mo / (1 - v^2 /c^2) ^ 1/2

that this relation is actually

M = Mo x (c - Vs) To / (1 - Vs ^2 /c^2)^1/2

when (c - Vs) To = 1
and c = Vs + frequency of emitted wave
[SI units are correct because a frequency = a velocity when wavelength
is fixed at 1 metre: v = lambda x f becomes v = f)

In other words a mass emits a wave as it travels  through space at
constant velocity.The slower the mass travels , the greater the
frequency of the
emitted wave.A mass at rest would emit the highest frequency.
Because of this inverse doppler relation for a rest mass,a rest mass
moving through a sea of magnetic charges would keep moving at the same
speed -
Newton's first law!!

With regards to your last/second-to-last post, I think your logic is
fine.  I am not learned enough to critique it, but the question comes
to my mind is where does all of this additional mass come from?

You express that theoretically the top quark should be isolated at 16
or 17 GeVs, but you also state that in the labs they have been unable
to do so at any power below 174 GeV.  Could this have anything to do
with a change in energy level while in motion relative to the change
in energy generated by, say, the bottom quark in motion?  I mean,
technically there should be some exponential difference in that
relationship if you are examining a 'pentaquark.'

Maybe I didn't make any sense, but I am interested in this logic that
you have brought to my attention.  What do you think accounts for this
additional experimental mass?

To overcome the Pauli exclusion principle, mass-causing fermionic
particles, inside a circlular area surrounding a nucleus of electric
charges, must become highly ordered and form one big boson like a
superfluid.Because a superfluid is non-viscous we would expect photons
and electrons to scatter off a top quark
and bottom quark differently to how they scatter off the other quarks.
Why does the density of mass-causing fermions increase ten times for
the bottom and top quarks? This must be the limit at which the
superfluidity can survive.We know that the bottom quark has a rest
mass of about 5 Gev and that current particle accelerators could take
the mass up as much as 200 times, to about 1 Tev.
But this doesn't happen, so the density increase of ten times seems to
be the limit.We can speculate that particles in the space around the
top and bottom quarks make superfluidity untenable above a certain
density because the
particles have a small enough wavelength to be absorbed by the
mass-causing fermions, and to split the fermions up.

A neutrino made from an up quark and an anti-up quark would have a
rest mass
half as great as an antineutrino made from a down quark and an
anti-down quark.
The quarks of opposite electric charge would become so close together
that the
mass-causing particles which surround the charges would be squeezed to
such an extent that many of the mass-causing particles would be
shed.This is probably why the neutrino and antineutrino have such low
masses compared to another
particle that is electrically neutral overall - the neutron.In the
neutron
there are two electric charges of the same sign that repel one another
and so do not get close enough to squeeze their mass-causing
particles.
Muon neutrinos and electron neutrinos and tau neutrinos are each
distinguishable from one another because n will have a different
integer value
for the quark pairs in each neutrino - in other words the neutrinos
all have
different rest masses.Why does an electron have such a small mass
compared to a proton? An electron is made from three quarks -2/3,-2/3
and +1/3 (the electron is an antiproton!!).There are two charges of
-2/3 in the electron and two charges of +2/3 in the proton.The quarks
of charge -2/3 in the electron may be getting pushed together by the
repulsion of negative charges in the vacuum - this would decrease the
colour force between them and the total rest mass of the electron.At
the same time the charges of +2/3 in the proton may be getting pulled
apart by the attraction of negative charges in the vacuum giving the
proton a higher rest mass than it would otherwise have.Negative
charges in the vacuum must be smaller in size than positive charges,
enabling them to get closer to the quarks of the proton and electron.
The decay rate of the Zo boson could be unaffected by new quark
families if the new quarks make new z bosons - in other words an
electrically neutral Zo could be made of three quarks +2/3,-1/3,-1/3.

Neutrino oscillations could occur when mass-causing fermions
associated with
one electric charge ( a neutrino is made from two charges : +1/3 and
-1/3) move over to the other electric charge and then back again.So
n=5 for one charge can become n=3 while n=3 for the other charge can
become n=5 and vice-versa.
An electron neutrino with n=1 for both electric charges, would not be
able to oscillate,because there is no excited state which can lose
energy.