Natural Science Forum / Physics / Particle Physics / July 2005

This article will attempt to describe a "Theory of Everything" that
draws a single unbroken thread through many unexplained physical
phenomenon. It will start with the very structure of space and expand
to provide possible explanations for the matter/energy relationship,
anti-matter, Planck's constant, hydrogen spectra, atomic structure,
magnetism, electrostatic force, gravity, dark energy, time-dialation,
strong force, mass, inertia, and atomic chemical properties. This
theory is only described here as a high level summary and each
paragraph deserves a more detailed treatment and justification, so this
is just a start. This theory generally summarizes ideas that I have
previously posted on the usenet. These can be found by searching for
franklinhu@yahoo.com.

So here goes (this is a long post) . . .

The fundamental building blocks of the universe consist only of the
proton and electron. Bound together, these form a neutral neutrino-like
particle. This particle fills all of empty space and makes up the
aether of empty space. It can be thought of as a matrix of alternating
protons and electrons and forms a crystal structure like salt (NaCl).
Electromagnetic waves travel through the crystal neutrino sea.

Due to the almost completely neutral nature of the neutrino sea, we do
not detect it. We can only detect extra protons and electrons which do
not belong to neutrino sea. If you send a sufficiently high energy
electromagnetic wave (gamma ray) though the aether, you can break apart
a neutrino and eject an electron from the matrix and it also leaves
behind a hole in the matrix which we see as positively charged because
of the surrounding aether particles. The hole is what anti-matter is.
The energy required to generate a matter/anti-matter pair goes
according to E = ½ mv^2 where the velocity is the speed of light
because at this scale, everything happens at the speed of light.  This
generally reduces to E = mc^2 since the ½ is only a constant of
proportionality and this is the fundamental reason behind the
energy/matter relationship.

Since anti-matter is truly an "empty hole" space in the aether
matrix, it is unlikely that these holes would group together to form
bigger holes or clumps like real matter does. Emptiness does not
attract other emptiness. So this may explain why we do not see much
anti-matter in the universe and why we don't see larger anti-atoms
than anti-hydrogen.

Since electromagnetic waves travel through the aether, the aether
determines a fundamental unit of length and of energy. The size of the
aether particle determines the smallest possible dimension. Nothing
which moves can move in a unit which is smaller than the dimension of
the aether particle. Since distance is quantized, this also quantizes
the amount of energy that can be stored in the aether. The aether acts
as if it were attached with tiny springs and the energy is stored in
the springs when they are stretched or compressed. Since distance comes
in fixed amounts, the amount of energy stored in the springs also comes
in fixed amounts.

This fixed amount of energy expresses itself in Planck's constant.
All electromagnetic energy must come in some fixed multiple of
Planck's constant and is a direct consequence of the dimensions of
the aether particle. Planck's constant itself fundamentally expresses
the minimum amount of energy contained In a single electromagnetic wave
cycle of any frequency. The amplitude of a wave can be greater by some
multiple of Planck's constant, but can never be less.

The fixed dimension of an aether particle also controls the position of
an electron around a proton. An electron's distance can only exist as
multiples of the size of the aether particle. The electrostatic force
is proportional to 1/r^2 where r is the width of an aether particle.
The Rydberg constant ( R ) represents the amount of energy an electron
has when it is separated from a proton by 1 aether particle. The energy
for positions further away trivally follows the equation E = R/n^2
where n represents any integer since the distance can only come in
whole integer values. The Balmer formula follows from this relationship
and explains the spectra of the hydrogen atom.

The spectra is only generated while a hydrogen atom is ionized and the
path of the electron is a random vertical movement from level to level
around the proton like a jumping bean. It emits electromagnetic
radiation as long as there is enough energy to ionize the electron.
When there isn't enough energy to ionize the electron, it falls back
to the center of the atom as is classically predicted. At this point,
the proton and electron are statically bound together like two magnets.
The electron is not moving around the proton in any manner in the
ground state which explains why electrons do not emit electromagnetic
energy in the ground state. All electrons fall back to the center of
the atom in the ground state.

The aether also mediates the magnetic force. The aether particles have
a small dipole which causes one side to be slightly positive and the
other to be negative. This causes them to tend to line up positive
facing negative. Moving electric charges tend to line up the aether
particles in a particular direction. Where ever we see an alignment of
the aether particles, we see a magnetic line of force. When the aether
particles are lined up facing positive to positive, it causes a
repelling, while when lined up positive to negative, causes an
attraction. So the magnetic force is created by the electrostatic
forces generated by alignment the aether. This unites the magnetic
force with the electrostatic force.

The basic electrostatic force between protons and electrons is caused
by protons and electrons oscillating out of phase. Particles which
oscillate in phase, repel while particles that oscillate out of phase
attract. The oscillation of the particles is caused by random thermal
energy which makes the particles ring like bells at a specific
frequency and phase. These oscillations are carried by the aether out
through space and are the fundamental cause of electrostatic
attraction.

The proton and electron are not symmetric. The protons are typically
bound to a material while the electrons are relatively free to wander.
The asymmetry leads to situation where a typical mass will have more
protons than electrons, or will somehow have a slightly positive
charge. This slight charge imbalance added up over the mass of the
Earth makes for a very large positive charge field coming from the
Earth and other massive objects. This positive field pulls on any
neutral matter like a charged balloon attracts neutrally charged pieces
of paper. This causes any uncharged matter to stick to the Earth like a
bad case of static cling. This is the fundamental cause of gravity.
Gravity is nothing more than a strong electrostatic field and therefore
this unites the electrostatic and gravity force.

The evidence for the electrostatic field comes from direct measurements
of the field at 120 volts/meter at ground level and the 300,000 volt
difference between the Earth and space. Viewing the Earth as a
positively charged ball would also explain why charge separation occurs
in thunderclouds whereby the negative charges are attracted to the
bottom of the cloud while the positive charges are attracted to the
top.

This overall charge separation may explain the origin of Earth's
magnetic field. As charges are separated in the atmosphere, they are
driven at different speeds and directions in the upper and lower
atmosphere. These unbalanced charges act as moving charge masses which
generate their own magnetic field. Charts of movement and direction of
the Earth's local magnetic field match charts of the wind currents on
the Earth. This magnetic field caused by the atmospheric jump starts
the main magnetic field in the iron core of the spinning Earth. In this
way, the primary direction of the North/South poles is determined by
the overall sum of the atmospheric currents. A reversal of the poles
could just be a matter of a change in the weather to drive the poles in
the opposite direction.

Since gravity is caused by an overall positive electrostatic charge on
an object, this would mean that all astronomical objects like the Earth
and Moon would be positively charged. They do not repel each other
since most of the mass (99.999999999%) of astronomical objects still
neutrally charged. The neutrally charged matter is still attracted to
any strong electrostatic force. The attraction of the neutrally charged
matter overwhelms the repulsion created by the tiny amount of charged
matter. So similarly charged objects, do not necessarily repel. The net
force is the result of the attraction of the neutral matter versus the
repelling of the similarly charged matter. So the Earth and Moon can
both be net positively charged, but still attract.

At larger intergalactic scales, the net positive charge of all objects
may not get cancelled out by the presence of neutral matter because at
this scale, galaxies begin to look like one huge positively charged
particle and they repel each other at intergalactic distances. This may
explain why matter appears to repel each other at this scale and form
into bubbles and sheets from a sort of anti-gravity effect which has
been described as the dark energy.

The electrostatic gravitational force bears down on all normal matter,
but it also affects the aether since the aether is made up of dipoles
which are attracted to the electrostatic charge of the Earth. This
causes the aether to build up much denser closer to the Earth than
farther away. It does this in a manner which is similar to how the
atmosphere is denser towards the ground. The aether may act exactly
like the atmosphere in that it is normally dragged along with the Earth
and if you are in a room with no air movement, the aether is still as
well. This could explain the null results of the Michelson-Morely
experiment which is used to disprove the existence of the aether but
really only showed that the aether was not moving.

The changing aether density also produces time dilation effects. Clocks
in a higher density aether, run slower than clocks in a lighter density
aether. The reason for this is that every activity (like atoms
resonating in an atomic clock) is mediated by the aether and if there
are more aether particles between point A and point B, it takes longer
for any effect from point A to reach point B simply because it has to
go past more particles. So this explains why clocks run slower on the
Earth, than they do in orbit. The rate that a mechanical clock runs is
a function of the density of the aether that it is running in. This
also explains the bending of light around massive objects since the
density changes produce a simple refraction effect through the aether.

Another time dilation effect may also be caused by an object traveling
through the aether. As an object goes faster through the aether, this
also has the effect of putting more particles between any fixed point A
and B. This will also slow down any mechanical clock and may explain
the time dilation effects seen on atomic clocks which are placed in
motion.

At the smallest scale, atoms are formed from free electrons and protons
that are not bound into the aether matrix. They also tend to form into
an alternating proton/electron matrix. They tend to form the most
compact form possible but are always an evenly spaced alternating
checkerboard matrix of protons and electrons. The atom is not a compact
nucleus containing only protons and neutrons with the electrons on the
outside. Since there is not need to compress all of the protons into a
tiny space, there is not need to have a "strong" force which keeps
the protons together at close range.

The normal electrostatic force is sufficient to keep an alternating
array of protons and electrons together. Therefore, the strong and weak
forces can be eliminated as faulty figments of our mistaken view that
the nucleus is a compact structure which only contains protons and
neutrons. The view that atom contains a compact nucleus come from
comparatively crude scattering experiments and are a very indirect
measure of the size of the atom and its components.

Atoms, protons and electrons exist within the matrix of the aether, so
in order to move, they must push the aether out of the way. The aether
has a slight dipole, so it takes some energy to separate the aether
particles. The amount of energy depends on the effective size of the
particle. A larger sized particle takes more energy. In the case of a
proton and an electron, the effective size of a proton is about 1800
times as large as an electron. This size is proportional to what we
call "mass", so a proton is about 1800 times as massive as an
electron.

What we call mass is really a measure of how difficult it is to push an
object through the aether. If we assume that the protons and electrons
in atoms are separated and surrounded by at least 1 aether particle on
all sides, then the total effort required to push an atom through the
aether is just the sum of the efforts required for the protons and
electrons that make up the atom. However, the binding of protons and
electrons into neutrons may reduce the effective size of the pair and
thus the mass. This would help explain why atoms have less mass than
their individual components.

When a particle moves, it breaks apart an aether bond, but as it passes
by, the aether bond will reform after the particle passes. When the
bond reforms, it will propel the particle forward with the same energy
it took to separate the aether bond in the first place. This is like a
pea shooting out between two round attracting magnets. Since the energy
is returned back to the particle, it can continue its forward movement
by constantly breaking and reforming aether bonds. This keeps the
particle in motion, once it is put into motion. This is the fundamental
cause of inertia.

Since inertia only depends on the total number of particles in an
object and since the force of gravity depends only on the number of
proton/electron pairs which are contained in an object, the force of
inertia and the gravitational force will be proportional to one
another. The total number of particles in an object is generally twice
the number of proton/electron pairs (which form a dipole which is
attracted to a charge source). This is the reason for the linkage
between inertial mass and gravitational mass.

The chemical properties of the atoms are determined by the geometrical
shape of the atom formed by alternating protons and electrons. This
shape also determines the ionization energy for the electrons in the
atom. Electrons which are contained on the outside of the atom have a
lower ionization energy than for those on the inside of the atom. The
particular shape of the outside of the atom determines how many atoms
can be attached. This is more like a tinker-toy model where each piece
only has so many places where pegs can be attached. The atoms
physically touch and mate together when they form chemical compounds.
fhutoe

That's all folks, have fun with it.