Natural Science Forum / Physics / Particle Physics / January 2008

It has long been accepted that Newton's gravitational relation is
valid and gives the force between two masses located IN OBSERVER
SPACE, i.e. F = G(m/d)^2.  Note that G originates only with this
relation.
    Also long accepted is Plank's equation for the energy E of a
photon of wavelength d, i.e. E = hc/d.  This gives the energy
available IN OBSERVER SPACE when a photon is stopped.
    Also long accepted is the equation mc^2 = e^2./r where e is the
electric charge on the electron, m is the electron mass, and r is the
particle's classical radius.  This equation shows the electron
electric potential energy e^2./r equals the particler mass energy IN
OBSERVER SPACE.  We also know e^2 = alpha.hbar.c, where hbar is h/2pi,
and alpha is ~1/137, the fine structure constant.
  The mutual annihilation of electrons and positrons gives only
photons, validating Dirac's statement (circa 1928) that these
particles are no more than EM energy localized IN OBSERVER SPACE.
Hence the electron is mass energy localized IN OBSERVER SPACE.  IT IS
NOT MASS IN OBSERVER SPACE.
  This is the meaning of E = mc^2, mass is not in observer space
where
energy is defined, but c^ remote from the observer.
  If the particle mass is not in observer space, then the attractive
force between masses is not in observer space either. This means
Newton's relation must be in error as it describes a force that does
not exist IN OBSERVER SPACE.  This means G cannot be a fundamental
constant!
  If masses are located in a domain each c^2 from the observer, the
force between them would appear to the observer as an attraction
reduced by c^4.  I.e. A = F/c^4.  This shows a factor of c^4 lies
hidden within G.  (I can hear the screams now!....but wait).
 The classical dimensions of G are hc/M^2, so the mass attraction
apparent in observer space is A = F/c^4 = (1/c^4)(hc/M^2)(m/d)^2.
(Eqn 1).
It is very important to note 1/c^4 occurs on both sides of this
equation, but its presence on the LHS is not recognised as A is
classically assumed force.  So when converted into a different system
of units A is converted as force, requiring the RHS to convert as
force, which requires the 1/c^4 on the RHS to be regarded as a
constant.  This has caused the inclusion within G of the numerical
value of 1/c^4 in the original units in which it was measured.  These
were cm.gm.sec. units (Cavendish 1798), in which c = 2.998x10^10.
  Hence a value of c^4 in those units, 8.0784x10^41, has
inadvertently been introduced into physics, creating the Large Number
Problem!

The ratio of the strong force to the gravitational force for electrons
is given by hbar.c/Gm^2 and is 5.571x10^44.  Removing c^4 in cgs units
from this number leaves a residue of 706.5.  From Eqn 1 above this is
equal to (M/m)^2, so M/M = 26.58.  I.e. the mass of the electron in a
frame c^2 remote from observer space is 26.58 times that seen by the
observer.
 Eqn. 1 also shows that within the rotating frame, with d = r, the
force acts at the Strong Force scale, F = hbar.c/r^2.

Localization of EM energy of hc/r to create mass and charge evidently
involves the fine structure constant alpha ~1/137.  If e is the
electron charge amplitude, the charge intensity is e^2 and
localization of the EM energy evidently decreases the charge intensity
by alpha. This implies alpha represents a particle volume increase.
  Returning to mass, the c^2 term in E = mc^2 implies the mass of the
electron is moving essentially at c in each of two orthogonal
directions within the particle, i.e. in the particle boundary.  But if
the particle volume is increased by 1/alpha, (~137), (assuming
symmetry) each diimension in the boundary is increased by (1/
alpha)1/3, and the particle 'boundary area' is increased by (1/
alpha)^2/3.
  It is more than serendipity that (1/137)^2/3 = 26.58, the
relativistic mass difference derived above.

So, in conclusion:
1...Mass is not a property in observer space but a property in the
boundary of particles and is c^2 remote from the observer.
2...Hence Newton's relation is only partially correct, and G includes
term both a c^4 term in cgs units and an (alpha)^4/3 term.
3...Both charge and mass are emergent properties arising from the
localization of EM energy.
4...The electrostatic force and 'gravity' are equal at the strong
force scale within the rotating electron 'boundary'.  Thus satifying
Planck's postulate, circa 1900, and removing the Large Number Problem.
5...The Planck Scale must be corrected and the Planck "mass" as given
by (hbar.c/G)^1/2 is an energy of about 13.6 MeV.
6...The adjusted Planck mass of 13.58MeV is the electron mass energy,
0.511MeV x 26.58 = 13.58MeV.  This removes the Hierarchy Problem.

If this analysis interests you, please visit: RethinkingPhysics-
V3.net

Thanks for your interest.