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Natural Science Forum / Physics / Research / December 2004Negative Mass Solutions
E=mc^2 and... E^2=m^2*c^4 ... are only different if there is a physical meaning to negative mass and negative energy values, where the second equation allows for both positive and negative mass-energy solutions. I'd like to assert that the negative energy solutions more practically apply to GR using Einstein's own original abandoned version of the cosmological constant. http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/cosmo_constant.html If, as with Einstein's model, the negative pressure component reflects -rho and gravitational curvature, then negative mass-energy would necessarily be expressed via negative density, as well. In order to make a real massive particle from this energy, you must condense enough of it over a finite region of space to achieve positve mass, density and curvature. In Einsteins static model, if you condense vaccum energy, then you necessarily increase negative energy and pressure, as well, by way of rarefaction, so the vaccum necessarily expands during pair production. Dirac's Cosmological Model had a decreasing cosmological constant, but 'Dirac's Sea of Electrons' did not have negative relative density, or his hole theory would not result in a decreasing cosmological constant, since an increase in mass energy will necessarily be offset by the increase in negative energy and pressure. Dirac successfully unified SR and QM by way of the Dirac Equation, but it could not be unified with GR, and it projects the absurd idea of "tachyons", in terms of negative mass particles. <TILT> That's got to be the wrong background, because tachyons won't *appear* anywhere if the vacuum has -rho, per the above. Somebody dropped the ball when they leaped to conclude that an expanding universe will necessarily run-away. > E=mc^2 > [quoted text clipped - 9 lines] > apply to GR using Einstein's own original abandoned version of the > cosmological constant. Rest content. There are no negative energy solutions, foir the very simple reason that the magnitude of a vector is a positive quantity. To wit, the abortion of an expression which you quote arises from the fact that the magnitude^2 of the momentum four-vector is given by m^2c^2 = p^2 - E^2 / c^2 In the special case of a body at rest, p = 0, leading to m^2 = E^2 / c^4 Which is where you came in. [snip] Franz Wow I just found this "reply" from Franz, who was buisily trying to be Unlcle Al: Franz Heymann Aug 12, 6:29 am show options Newsgroups: sci.physics.research From: "Franz Heymann" <notfranz.heym...@btopenworld.com> - Find messages by this author Date: 12 Aug 2004 09:29:53 -0400 Local: Thurs, Aug 12 2004 6:29 am Subject: Re: Negative Mass Solutions Reply | Reply to Author | Forward | Print | Individual Message | Show original | Report Abuse > "island" <island_in_the_str...@earthlink.net> island@sundial.net... wrote: > > E=mc^2 > > and... > > E^2=m^2*c^4 > > ... are only different if there is a physical meaning to negative mass > > and negative energy values, where the second equation allows for both > > positive and negative mass-energy solutions. > > I'd like to assert that the negative energy solutions more practically > > apply to GR using Einstein's own original abandoned version of the > > cosmological constant. > Rest content. There are no negative energy solutions, foir the very > simple reason that the magnitude of a vector is a positive quantity. > <snip> Wrong model, but nice try. Franz Heymann wrote: > Rest content. There are no negative energy solutions, foir the very > simple reason that the magnitude of a vector is a positive quantity. Depending on your choice of sign all spacelike vectors in Minkowski space or all timelike vectors in Minkowski space have negative norm. frank Frank Hellmann wrote: > Depending on your choice of sign all spacelike vectors in Minkowski > space or all timelike vectors in Minkowski space have negative norm. Vacuum particle potential has negative density, pressure, and therefore, mass, in Einstein's referenced static cosmological model. This causes a negative gravitational acceleration that gets counterbalanced by the postive gravitational effect of ordinary matter. The presumed flaw in this Einstein model was that it is unstable... "like a pencil balanced on its point"... because it was assumed that the energy density of the vacuum would remain constant as the vacuum grew in size, which would cause the matter energy density goes down proportioanally, creating a net negative gravitational acceleration, which would case the unviers to run-away in the direction of expansion. But if you condense enough of Einstein's negative density energy over a finite region of space, then you will achieve positive mass, density and gravitaional curvature. Using the example on Ned Wright's website, which I'd linked in my original post: quote: "This term, (cosmological constant), acts like a vacuum energy density, an idea which has become quite fashionable in high energy particle physics models since a vacuum energy density of a specific kind is used in the Higgs mechanism for spontaneous symmetry breaking. Indeed, the inflationary scenario for the first picosecond after the Big Bang proposes that a fairly large vacuum energy density existed during the inflationary epoch. The vacuum energy density must be associated with a negative pressure because: The vacuum energy density must be constant because there is nothing for it to depend on. If a piston capping a cylinder of vacuum is pulled out, producing more vacuum, the vacuum within the cylinder then has more energy which must have been supplied by a force pulling on the piston. If the vacuum is trying to pull the piston back into the cylinder, it must have a negative pressure, since a positive pressure would tend to push the piston out. The magnitude of the negative pressure needed for energy conservation is easily found to be P=-u=-rho*c^2 where P is the pressure, u is the vacuum energy density, and rho is the equivalent mass density using E=m*c^2." /quote ~ The vacuum also trys to pull the piston into the cylinder if you rarefy the vacuum from inside by compressing some of the remaining vapor pressure down into a finite region of space, and if there are no cylinder walls, then the vacuum will expand as a result of the increase in negative pressure that results from the condensation and rarefaction of vacuum energy. In Einstein's model, the increase in negative pressure gets offset by the increase in mass-energy that you get when you condense enough vacuum energy to achieve positive density, pressure, and therefore, gravitational curvature, so the vacuum won't run-away and actually expands naturally from particle creation. The concept of negative mass arises by analogy with electric charges, where the formula for the energy of a relativistic particle, E2=m^2c^4+p^2^c2 ...derives that a particle with a certain positive energy but no momentum could have a positive or negative mass. Dirac interpreted these negative mass states as anti-particles that were hid away in the Dirac Sea, but if you apply this to Einstein's model, then it becomes apparent that conventional "antiparticles" can't exist until enough vacuum energy gets condensed over a finite region of space to achieve positive rho and mass. This would explain why experimentally produced antimatter has positive mass, and it also explains the "apparent" matter/antimatter asymmetry. ... among other things... Also, I made a mistake: "i" wrote: > I'd like to assert that the negative energy solutions more practically > apply to GR using Einstein's own original abandoned version of the > cosmological constant. I'd really like to assert that the negative energy solutions more practically apply to quantum theory using Einstein't own original version of the cosmological constant. www.anthropic-principle.ORG Everything you fear... 1 egg beaten Make the stuffing: Marinate the flesh in a mixture of soy and teriyaki sauces then stir fry in hot oil for till brown - about 1 minute, remove. Stir-fry the vegetables. Put the meat back into the wok and adjust the seasoning. De-glaze with sherry, cooking off the alcohol. Add broth (optional) cook a few more minutes. Add the cornstarch, cook a few minutes till thick, then place the stuffing into a colander and cool; 2 hours Wrap the rolls: Place 3 tablespoons of stuffing in the wrap, roll tightly - corner nearest you first, fold 2 side corners in, wrap till remaining corner is left. Brush with egg, seal, and allow to sit on the seal for a few minutes. Fry the rolls: 325° if using egg roll wraps, 350° for spring roll wraps. Deep fry in peanut oil till crispy golden brown, drain on paper towels. Lemon Neonate Turkey serves just as well, and in fact even looks a bit like a well-dressed baby. By the time you turn the child?s breast into cutlets, it will be indistinguishable. The taste of young human, although similar to turkey (and chicken) often can be wildly different depending upon what he or she has consumed during its 10 to 14 months of life... 4 well chosen cutlets (from the breasts of 2 healthy neonates) 2 large lem the fetuses in the egg-mustard mixture. Dredge thoroughly in flour. Fry at 375° until crispy golden brown. Remove and place on paper towels. Holiday Youngster One can easily adapt this recipe to ham, though as presented, it violates no religious taboos against swine. 1 large toddler or small child, cleaned and de-headed Kentucky Bourbon Sauce (see index) 1 large can pineapple slices Whole cloves Place him (or ham) or her in a large glass baking dish, buttocks up. Tie with butcher string around and across so that he looks like he?s crawling. Glaze, then arrange pineapples and secure with cloves. Bake uncovered in 350° oven till thermometer reaches 160°. Cajun Babies Just like crabs or crawfish, babies are boiled alive! You don?t need silverware, the hot spicy meat comes off in your hands. 6 live babies 1 lb. smoked sausage 4 lemons whole garlic 2 lb. new potatoes 4 ears corn 1 box salt crab boil Bring 3 gallons of water to a boil. Add sausage, salt, crab boil, lemons and garlic. Drop potatoes in, boil for 4 minutes. Corn is added next, boil an additional 11 minutes. Put the live babies into the boiling water and cover. Boil till meat comes off easily with a fork. Oven-Baked Baby-Back Ribs Beef ribs or pork ribs can be used in this recipe, and that is exactly what your dinner guests will assume! An excellent way to expose the uninitiated to this highly misunderstood yet succulent source of protein. 2 human baby rib racks 3 cups barbecue sauce or honey glaze (see index) Salt black pepper white pepper paprika Remove the silverskin by loosening from the edges, then stripping off. Season generously, rubbing the mixture into the baby?s flesh. Place 1 q In article <1103831142.224982.237410@f14g2000cwb.googlegroups.com>, island5@earthlink.net writes: > The presumed flaw in this Einstein model was that it is unstable... > "like a pencil balanced on its point"... because it was assumed that > the energy density of the vacuum would remain constant as the vacuum > grew in size, which would cause the matter energy density goes down > proportioanally, creating a net negative gravitational acceleration, > which would case the unviers to run-away in the direction of expansion. Mathematically, it is an "unstable fixed point". Einstein's original cosmological model was static, with the repulsion due to the cosmological constant exactly balancing the attraction due to gravitation. Strictly speaking, this doesn't matter, since the model corresponds to the entire universe, hence there is no way to perturb it from outside, causing it to run away. However, if it is seen as just an approximation to the real universe, then the instability is a problem. Many people have said that Einstein should have noticed this and thrown out the model for that reason. However, I think it is interesting to note that the Einstein-de Sitter model, which for a long time was the "standard cosmological model", suffers from exactly the same type of instability, yet this was never used as an argument against it. this dish is classically made with crawfish). Stuffed infant heads, stuffed crawfish heads, stuffed crab or lobster shells; make patties if shell or head is not available (such as with packaged crawfish, crab, or headless baby). Flour oil onions bell peppers garlic salt, pepper, etc. 3 cups chicken stock 2 sticks butter 3 tablespoons oil First stuff the heads, or make the patties (see index) then fry or bake. Set aside to drain on paper towels. Make a roux with butter, oil and flour, brown vegetables in the roux, then add chicken stock and allow to simmer for 20 minutes. Add the patties or stuffed heads, and some loose crawfish, lobster, long piglet, or what have you. Cook on low for 15 minutes, then allow it to set for at least 15 minutes more. Serve over steamed rice; this dish is very impressive! Stuffed Cabbage Rolls Babies really can be found under a cabbage leaf - or one can arrange for ground beef to be found there instead. 8 large cabbage leaves 1 lb. lean ground newborn human filets, or ground chuck Onions peppers celery garlic soy sauce salt pepper, etc Olive oil breadcrumbs Tomato Gravy (see index) Boil the cabbage leaves for 2 minutes to soften. In skillet, brown the meat in a little olive oil, then add onions, peppers, and celery (all chopped finely) and season well. Place in a large bowl and cool. Add seasoned breadcrumbs and a little of the tomato gravy, enough to make the mixture pliable. Divide the stuffing among the cabbage leaves then roll. Pl metal roasting pan. Bake in 325° oven covered for 2 hours. Remove cover, stick a cooking thermometer deep into one of the baby?s buttocks and cook uncovered till thermometer reads 190°, about another hour. Pro-Choice Po-Boy Soft-shelled crabs serve just as well in this classic southern delicacy. The sandwich originated in New Orleans, where an abundance of abortion clinics thrive and hot French bread is always available. 2 cleaned fetuses, head on 2 eggs 1 tablespoon yellow mustard 1 cup seasoned flour oil enough for deep frying 1 loaf French bread Lettuce tomatoes mayonnaise, etc. Marinate the fetuses in the egg-mustard mixture. Dredge thoroughly in flour. Fry at 375° until crispy golden brown. Remove and place on paper towels. Holiday Youngster One can easily adapt this recipe to ham, though as presented, it violates no religious taboos against swine. 1 large toddler or small child, cleaned and de-headed Kentucky Bourbon Sauce (see index) 1 large can pineapple slices Whole cloves Place him (or ham) or her in a large glass baking dish, buttocks up. Tie with butcher string around and across so that he looks like he?s crawling. Glaze, then arrange pineapples and secure with cloves. Bake uncovered in 350° oven till thermometer reaches 160°. Cajun Babies Just like crabs or crawfish, babies are boiled alive! You don?t need silverware, the hot spicy meat comes off in your hands. 6 live babies 1 lb. smoked sausage 4 lemons whole garlic 2 lb. new potatoes 4 ears corn 1 box salt crab boil Bring 3 gallons of water to a boil. Add sausage, salt, crab boil, lemons and garlic. Drop potatoes in, boil for 4 minutes. Corn is added next, boil an additional 11 minutes. Put the live babies into the boiling water and cover. Boil till m Phillip Helbig wrote: > Mathematically, it is an "unstable fixed point". Einstein's original > cosmological model was static, with the repulsion due to the [quoted text clipped - 3 lines] > from outside, causing it to run away. However, if it is seen as just an > approximation to the real universe, then the instability is a problem. > Many people have said that Einstein should have noticed this and thrown > out the model for that reason. However, I think it is interesting to > note that the Einstein-de Sitter model, which for a long time was the > "standard cosmological model", suffers from exactly the same type of > instability, yet this was never used as an argument against it. I remember you saying something about that in the past, and I read everything that I could find about it after that, thanks to you, because you mentioned something about the anthropic principle at the time, as I recall. This is relevant, because Dirac's flawed cosmological model also makes sense in context with the mechanism that I described, which holds the universe flat and balanced, except without instability. Dirac's large numbers hypothesis was flawed for the same reason that his cosmological model was flawed, but that's where Robert Dicke pulled the Anthropic Principle from, while noting that humans can only exist in this universe when Dirac's large numbers hypothesis is true. It only stands to good reason that an accurate representation of Dirac's model would shed new light on the hypothesis and the Anthropic Principle, and it only follows that it does not make sense that one could even begin to formulate a complete anthropic principle until this had been done, because it places unfair weight on the significance of incomplete physics. |
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