Natural Science Forum / Physics / General Physics / July 2008

From Osher Doctorow

When we examine the (Probable) Causal scenarios discussed in the last
few subsections, recall the rules:

1) odd integers above 1 Cause the next higher even integer (for
example, 9 Causes 10).
2) primes (always odd except for 2) Cause the next higher prime (for
example, 3 Causes 5)

So Superstring Theory with dimension 10 cannot Cause M-Theory with
dimension 11, even though Superstring Theory is regarded as arising by
eliminating specific parts of 11-dimensional theory.  They must
physically differ, probably as different phases.

On the other hand, 9 Causes both 10 and 11 by the above Rules, and
this is what research indicates if we examine it carefully.   Look at
the papers:

3) "On M-9-branes and their dimensional reduction," arXiv: hep-th/
0102084 v1 15 Feb 2001, 6 pages (2 columns per page)

4) "Spacetime-filling branes and strings with sixteen supercharges,"
by E. Bergshoeff et al of U. Groningen Netherlands and C. M. Hull of
Queen Mary & Westfield College London U.K. and Y. Lozano of U. Utrecht
Netherlands, hep-th/9812224, also published in Nucl Phys B 564 (2000)
29.

It turns out from (3) and/or (4) that p-branes with p > = 8 are very
important because M- and string theories with 16 supercharges appear
to be constructible by these branes, and also there are D9-branes as
well as 9-branes in NS-NS sectors of both IIA and IIB strings, the low-
energy effective action for a D9 brane being a Born-Infeld type action
for 10dimensional super-YM theory.

Where does 16 come from?   The 5 Superstring theories include 3 with
SO(32) as symmetry group, or SO(32)/Z2, namely the 2 Heterotic string
theories and the type I string theory, and a 10-dimensional SUSY
theory has a 32-component Majorana spinor which can be decomposed into
pairs of 16-component chiral Majorana-Weyl spinors whose invariants
according ot the same or opposite chiralities separate the Superstring
theories (see "String Theory," Wikipedia for example, as well as
"Superstring Theory," Wikipedia).

Osher Doctorow