Natural Science Forum / Physics / General Physics / July 2008

As was shown through various articles of present author and also
by various articles with various authors with science physics forum as
well as with many publications of physics & astronomy that generally
we are observing signals either from outer space or on earth. Mostly
signals are associating noise with spectra. Hence extracting signals
with hardware+software processes are required so as to have some
meaningful information and/or operation. In earlier publications with
this author signal has also functionally been shown to have
mathematical relationship with noise. Energy content in signal can be
expressed especially for quantum particles through energy mass
equivalence Einstein equation E=m c^2 having normalized quantum
signal=E/(m c^2) = 1. If particles are associating with each other
such as proton in nucleus surrounded by outer electrons, energy is
highly also minimized apart from their E=m c^2 values; then E<m c^2
and hence atoms will have quantum signal <1. Similar aspects has also
to be considered for shielding effects within and outside atoms. With
totally shielded matter ex: black_hole signal output -> 0. The
relationships among signal with also noise, quantum probability,
imaginary i, as well as energy contents are quantifiable
mathematically with physics of grand theory advancing at present.