Natural Science Forum / Physics / General Physics / July 2008

[Gravitational red shift, the idea that light escaping a stron
gravitational field is shifted to lower frequencies, has been one o
the support data for general relativity.

On the other hand, Hubble's law states red shift per se is propotiona
to distance.  General relativity reconciles this observation with th
proposition that the universe is not only expanding, but expanding a
an accelerated phase.

Now the gravitational red shift has some intrinsic fallacies.  Whil
light frequency is slowed down, its velocity is unchanged.  A
gravitational force increases, frequency drops but velocity remain
unchanged.  But then, as we reach the gravitational force of
so-called black hole, instead of the continued expectation of
continuing drop in frequency to zero, the velocity is now affected an
drops to zero.  Whatever happened to "constancy of the speed of light"
But that is only an aside.  Let us proceed to more important matters.]

There is a simpler explanation to red shift, gravitational o
otherwise.  Let me give it a name: *-Entropic Red Shift-*.

The laws of thermodynamics preclude a perpetual motion machine.  Ligh
propagating endlessly across the universe is such an example.  This ma
be possible if the medium were a perfect vacuum, but such is not th
case.  Light, as it travels across space, loses energy.  The farther i
travels, the more energy it loses.  The more energy it loses, the mor
its frequency drops.  This explanation is entirely consistent with th
observations supporting Hubble's law.  This explanation also enables u
not to posit the fantastic idea of an exponentially expanding universe.

The *-Entropic Red Shift-* is easily computed as follows:

According to Hubble's Law:

V = H

where
v = computed velocity of observed object
H = Hubble constant ~ 70 km/s/Mpc
D = distance of observed object in Mpc

Also, according to Doppler formula:

V = Z

where
v = computed velocity of observed object
z = red shift
c = velocity of light

v = zc = HD

z = HD/c

Z = K
where k = H/c = 0.000233

also

E = hf

where
E = energy carried by photon
h = Planck constant
f = frequency of wave

Thus for each megaparsec of traversed distance, light drops i
frequency by a factor of 0.02%, and the energy of the photo
correspondingly drops by 0.02%, which is the energy lost by the photo
to entropy.

This completes the calculations for photon energy loss due to *Entropi
Red Shift*

--
Strich 9