Natural Science Forum / Physics / Relativity / July 2006

Gravity is
revealed to be a force resulting from the release of mass energy due to
the
contraction of matter as a result of a reduction of elevation. The
subject
is treated in detail in
http://einsteinhoax.com/gravity.htm.

Vergon

An excellent post. It is a pleasure to see an intelligent dissertation
And I agree with almost all of it.

However, as to the assertion re gravity quoted above, I would like to
offer the following:

(If the equatons are too out of whack, I would  gladly email them via
an attachment which will transmit them accurately.)

Some of the parameters referred to in the text may appear arbitrary or
assumed but in actuality they are results obtained in a much larger
work titled "The Quantum as a Physical Entity". The following
article is an excerpt from that paper.

                                            QUANTUM GRAVITY

                                                   ABSTRACT

The attempt here is to explain the action of gravity (including action
at a distance) entailing a physical representation. The key is a
particle with quantum characteristics that creates a force resulting in
attraction. Verification is achieved by a worked example that coincides
with Newtonian physics.

We are faced with the question, what is the mechanics of action at a
distance? In other words if space is truly empty, how can one body
exert a force on another - especially at great distances?

The standard model proposes "virtual" particles which, in the case of
gravity is given a name (graviton) and not much more. In the case of
the electromagnetic force the virtual particle is the photon, for the
strong force it's the pi meson.

The present theory has a different view. The electromagnetic force is a

symbiotic one consisting of two components, electric force and magnetic

force.

It is the negative electric force that binds the electrons to the
positive nucleus and the positive electric force that repels the
nucleons from each other.

This hypothesis contains a basic ultimate particle of the universe that
has six measurable characteristics: (1) a spherical body of material
that expands and contracts ad infinitum as it has no internal friction.
The rate of oscillation is c and the extent is one light second. (2)
The energy of expansion is 6.62566 x 10^-27 erg (3) a mass of 7.372 x
10^-48 gr. (4) spin (5) angular momentum (6) co-spatial ability in
relatively small aggregates. In larger aggregates the density is such
that additional units are rejected. These basic particles are dubbed
"quanta". Notice, the mass to energy ratio is E/m = c^2 which
rearranged is E = mc^2. Also, the energy of expansion and contraction
is that of Planck's constant, h.

It is proposed that particles consist of the spherical quanta in a
concentric pattern, expanding and contracting sequentially.

If we were to peer at an electron or proton or neutron from the polar
perspective, due to the conservation of momentum we would see the inner
core quanta rotating faster than the outer. This is the situation
typical of the creation of a vortex force. Cyclones are an example.
Objects are drawn to the center, then expelled. Tea leaves is another.
Swirl the tea and observe the leaves go to the center of the cup.

We now discuss the gravity force. It will be found to be related to the
strong force inasmuch as the vortex force of fermions comes into play.
There is a major difference. Whereas in the case of the strong force
the vortex force is between whole particles, in the case of gravity it
draws individual quanta. Further, the interaction is unilateral as the
quanta generate no force. But we are getting ahead of ourselves.

           *                    *                    *

Consider the hypothesis that not all quanta in a material body are
confined, and that some escape to be free, radiating outward in all
directions at the speed of light.

We may consider this as analogous to the sublimation of solids.

It is yet to be determined whether this process is affected
quantitatively by extremes of temperature. Beyond that we may assume
that all matter, regardless of physical or chemical composition,
emanates individual quanta at the same rate, viz., the emanation is a
function of fermions regardless of how they are grouped. Further, the
rate of emanation as a certain percentage of the total mass, is
constant. [Be aware that this is an assumption. It may well turn out
that there are conditions of the state of matter, temperature or
massiveness, that alter this rate -- and in turn alter the force of
gravity. However, for the present, we proceed on this assumption.]

In summation we assume that a portion of a given mass is radiated in
all directions as solitary "gravity quanta" and that the portion is
constant. Collaterally we also assume that all grouped quanta (atoms)
in a body simultaneously absorb all available free quanta arriving in
their vicinity. (Recall that free quanta have a diameter of one light
second.)

We now consider the absorptive process. "Absorption" is not a wholly
accurate term because by the present hypothesis the free gravity quanta
are not absorbed so much as they are drawn into the body with such
great rapidity as to also draw the absorbing body toward the quanta,
which is the same direction as the emitting body. Since this process is
mutual, there appears what is interpreted as a "mutual attraction" and
"action at a distance". This is an illusion.

The question arises, what is the nature of this drawing force? In the
case of the strong force, it can be shown that due to their spin,
protons and neutrons develop a vortex force that mutually draw
neighboring nuclei together. It is this same vortex force that draws
ambient quanta into the nuclei. One observes this centrally directed
force in a cyclone. As all nuclei draw simultaneously, the more nuclei
present the faster ambient quanta are ingested.

Let us now quantify the gravitational process.
(temporarily setting general relativity aside)

                      STANDARD CONDITIONS

            (Two one-gram masses one centimeter apart)

                   F = G = 6.672 x 10^-8 dyne

The assumed mechanism will be shown to be commensurate with the usual
mathematical expression for gravity interaction:

                       G (m_1 x m_2)
                  F = ---------------
                           d^2

We now quantify the quantum sublimation of matter. To do this we
discuss gravitational force in terms of energy under standard
conditions. It is evident that F x 1 cm = E_k. Thereby, a body OF 1
gram having a force F exerted on it, will possess a kinetic energy of
the same coefficient as the force when it moves 1 cm. By designating
the quantity as dyne-centimeters, we keep this relationship constantly
in mind.

Since potential and kinetic energy are interchangeable and conserved in
a closed system, it matters not whether we consider the energy
associated with the bodies under consideration as potential or kinetic,
what is essential is that we consider the energy and recognize that it
is created by the force G.

Having ascertained the energy existent between two bodies under
standard conditions, we can immediately determine the equivalent mass
from the familiar m = E/c^2 .[This is of the same genre as radiation
where E = mc^2.] In the standard case we assert that mass to be the
mass equivalent of G.

(1) Contemplating the standard condition,

                       G  1 x 1
                  F = ----------- = 6.672 x 10^-8 dyne
                         1^2

 m = mass = 1 gr                           G = gravity constant

 d = distance between the masses = 1 cm

(2)  If the force applied travels 1 cm, we have

        F x 1cm = E = 6.672 x 10^-8 dyne centimeter (erg)

                          E
and                      ----- = m
                         c^2

therefore, the mass equivalent of G is

                    6.672 x 10^-8
               S = ---------------- = 7.423597 x 10^-29 gr .
                         c^2

Thus we conclude that the mass of the energy between the weights is
7.423597 x 10^-29 gr and is the quantity sublimated each second from 1
gr. And so we term this sublimated mass, S.

The reason for taking S as the sublimation of one gram instead of two
is that the force resulting from S is common to both. That means each
weight draws that amount from the other, which in turn means each one
gram mass sublimates S (7.423597 x 10^-29 gr per sec) to be absorbed by

the other.

The correctness of this is displayed in the worked example at the end
of this section.

Since S is stated for one gram then we can say that it represents the
portion of mass sublimated for any mass. Thus (in grams) m x S is the
total mass sublimated from any body. We designate that m_S, "mass
sublimated".

(where h_0 is the minimum energy in the universe - to be explained
later)

                                 m      E
We note that by    n = ----- = ---  we can ascertain the number of
                               m_q    h_0

quanta comprising the 6.672 x 10^-8 erg (or 7.423597 x 10^-29 gr).

This turns to be 1.006994 x 10^19 quanta.

We now ask, if 1.006994 x 10^19 quanta produce 6.672 x 10 ^-8 erg, then
what part of an erg would one quantum produce? That is to say, how much
potential energy exists between one quantum one centimeter from one
gram?
(This is equivalent to being an ambient quantum the surface of which is
in contact with the drawing mass.) We write

                1.006994 x 10^19 quanta        1
               ------------------------- :: -------
                   6.672 x 10^-8  erg        x erg

and we see  x = h_0 .

(Note, h_0 = 6.62566 x 10^-27 erg.)

Thus we show that a 1 gr mass will attract one ambient quanta (1q , or
Q) with h_0 energy or |h| dyne of force at one centimeter. Thus, G is
quantized, that is to say gravity is quantized.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:- Henceforward we will refer to sublimated quanta as "gravity
quanta", "free quanta", or "ambient quanta" and assign  them the
symbol, Q.

"Ambient quanta" are specifically gravity quanta that are in proximity
to an absorbing body and subject to absorption.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Note that

         1.006994 x 10^19  h_0  = |G|erg. and

       |G|erg
      -------- = G dyne .
        1 cm

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
It will be noticed that there is a plethora of familiar constants in
which the coefficient of the constant appears but has mismatched
dimensions. This arrangement is practically incestuous.

We will display these quantities in their symbolic form but bracket the

mismatched coefficient symbol; thus we remain aware of the tight
interrelation of a relatively few basic quantities and at the same time

emphasize the simplicity, rhythm, and beauty of the universe. It is
this simplicity and rhythm that forms a fractal-like construction of
the universe.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

In reiteration, 1.006994 x 10^19 ambient quanta correspond to G dyne or

6.672 x 10^-8 dyne .

Therefore, 1 quantum cor |h|dyne. That is, one ambient quantum will
produce |h| (6.625661 x 10^-27) dyne per gram absorbing it.

It is assumed that bodies radiate individual quanta, i.e., gravity
quanta at the same velocity as any other radiation -- c.

The mass loss would also be the same:   E/c^2.

The acceleration of ambient quanta drawn into proximate bodies is
tremendously high. (For all practical purposes the acceleration is
pseudo, the velocity of absorption can be considered attained
instantaneously.)

                     (For 1 gram, nQ = m x S/m_q)

    F_Q = force per gravity quantum = G/nQ = |h| gr cm/sec^2 =

We note that the absorbing body also is drawn toward the incoming
quanta which means it is drawn in the direction of the emitting body.
This creates the illusion that the absorbing body is being drawn to the
emitting body. Thus there is the illusion of action at a distance.

                       MINIMAL CONDITIONS

The minimal condition, signified by the subscript 1, is a function of
the natural, i.e., uninfluenced emission of quanta. It is a result of
the internal (potential) energy of the quantum solely

Where
m = mass
a = acceleration
d = distance
t = time

Note: The second is arbitrary and chosen as the absolute minimum unit
of time .

                                           LS
Action = h =  m a d t = m_q  -------  LS  1 sec
                                         sec^2

            c        LS             h            m a d t
    a_1 =  ----  =  ------  =  ------------  =  ---------
           sec      sec^2       m_q LS sec       m   d t

                           h              m a d t      h
    t_1 =  1 sec  = -----------------  = ---------- = ---
                     m_q   LS     LS      m a d       h_0
                          -----
                          sec^2

                   h       m a d t
    P_1 = m_q c = ---- =  ----------  =  2.210082 x 10^-37 gr cm/sec
                   LS         LS

           /\ P_1
    F_1 = --------- = m_q a_1  = 2.210082 x 10^-37 gr cm/sec2
             sec

    E_1 = F_1  d_1 =  F_1  LS = h_0        (d_1 = diameter of quantum)

                                      h          m a d t
    v_1 = a_1  t_1 =  c = --------  =  ---------
                                 m_q LS       m   d

Note: c is the absolute minimum on the quantum level.

            LS            h         m a d t
     d_1 = ---- = LS = -------  =  ---------
            1           m_q c       m a   t

Note: d_1 is the minimum basic unit on the quantum level.

The parameters h,  F_1,  P_1, and E_1 (or h_0) are absolute minimums
found
in nature.

=======================================================================

Before proceeding it may be well to review a few key shorthand
notations.

Q = 1 nascent or gravity quantum.

S = 7.423597 x 10^-29 gr = portion of mass sublimated per gram per sec.

mS = sublimated mass, i.e., portion of body sublimated per second
(grams).

NQ = mS/m_q = number of Q per second sublimated by a body of mass m.

n_q = m/m_q = number of quanta comprising a body. Usually given as n
when the mass is known and used frequently.

nm_q = mass of a body

       mS       NQ
nQ = ------- or ----  =  number of Q emitted/sec by a mass that are
    m_q d^2    d^2      available at a distance from that mass.
                            (ambient quanta)

Note: It is not necessary to calculate the number of quanta in an area
at d because the diameter of the ambient quanta is 1 LS and the size of
the absorbing body is miniscule by comparison. So any quanta the center
of which are ½ LS from the body will be absorbed.

N_q = n_q * nQ = total *interacting* quanta. Represents the number of
quanta in an absorbing body (n_q) interacting with the number of
ambient quanta, nQ.

(Note: For gravity purposes, the number of quanta in a body is the only
way to ascertain the mass of the body irrespective of its fermion
composition.)
=======================================================================

                       A WORKED EXAMPLE

We shall concern ourselves with the gravitational attraction of the
moon (M) and earth (E) for which some of the parameters are known.
There is one disadvantage which is that these parameters are
approximate (at least as given here). However, for purposes of
illustration, they shall suffice.

(where m = mass, d = distance,  r = radius,  a = acceleration (at
Earth's surface 45 degrees from the equator).

mass of earth                       m_E  =  5.98 x 10^27 gr

mass of moon                        m_M  =  7.36 x 10^25 gr

distance earth-moon                 d_E-M  =  3.8 x 10^10 cm_ _

radius of earth                     r_E  =  6.37 x 10^8 cm

acceleration at earth's surface     a_E_sur  =  980.665 cm/sec^2

Step (1)

We ascertain by standard form the gravitational attraction
between  E  and  M , which we write F_E-M.

Gravity can be expressed either as a force or in terms of acceleration.

By the standard equation,

                    G  m_E  m_M
               F = ------------- = 2.033611 x 10^25 dynes
                     d_E-M ^2

          F

          m

a_E = 3.400687 x 10-3 cm/sec^2  (acceleration of E toward M)

a_M = 2.763058 x 10^-1 cm/sec^2 (acceleration of M toward E)

(We set aside the counteracting conditions as not germane to the
example.)

We note that whereas F is common to both bodies, the acceleration of
each is different being inversely proportional to its mass.

Next, we note the condition of emitted gravity quanta spreading along
the expanding surface of an imaginary sphere; thus quanta available for
absorption diminish in numbers inversely proportional to d^2. Quanta
available for absorption are called ambient quanta.

Step (2)

We calculate nQ, the number of nascent quanta from the moon that are in
the vicinity of Earth, i.e., ambient quanta

                   m_M
                  ------ S
                   m_q
         nQ  =  ============  =  5.132600 x 10^23  Q
                   d^2

Step (3)

Next we recall that one gram matter attracts one Q with |h|dyne of
force.

So m_E x |h|dyne x nQ = attraction force = 2.033611 x q-^25 dynes.

We see that this is the same as given by the standard equation.

We now calculate the acceleration of a body at the surface of the
Earth:

             m_E S
       NQ = -------- = 6.02 x 10^46 Q
              m_q

Since the mass of the earth acts as though it were all at the center,
we calculate the number of quanta at the surface:

               6.02 x 10^46 Q
              ----------------- = nQ at the surface.
(r_E^2)        (6.37 x 10^8)^2

So the force exerted on bodies at the surface is

              |h|dyne  nQ = 983.3 gr cm/sec^2

which is the number of dynes per gram. We can write acceleration as

                       F
                 a = -----
                       m

where F ( |h|dyne nQ ) is multiplied by the number of grams of the
body.

Since m is the same number of grams, the two cancel leaving

                 a = |h|dyne nQ = 983.3 cm/sec at the surface.

         Given:  a = 980.665 cm/sec^2   (at latitude 45 deg.)

                   THE QUANTIZATION OF GRAVITY

Gravitational action is not customarily thought of in magnitudes on the

order of  c  because the response of ponderous bodies results in
velocities  extremely small compared to that of light, nor is it
thought of in terms of typical quantum magnitudes because it is such a
weak force that determinations of micro proportion are difficult or
considered insignificant.

However, the concept here is that the mechanics of gravity in its
initiating form employs free quanta traveling at c, and the dimensions
of which are on the order of c. Absorption velocity must necessarily be

of much greater magnitudes.

Thus we see gravitational action as initiating on the quantum mass
level but altered by the factors  nQ  and  nq  to magnitudes we usually
associate with gravity.

Whereas one usually thinks of quantum magnitudes as being very small,
in gravitational mechanics we are dealing with a broad spectrum
commencing with the large dimensions of individual quanta having micro
mass which are modified by large numbers of quanta and great velocities
to evolve into what appears as a mechanics of macro proportions only.

                              QUESTIONS

We pursue some inevitable questions regarding the sublimation of mass.
We propose here that all bodies radiate gravitational quanta which
represent

7.423597 x 10^-29 gr or one part in 1.347056 x 10^28 per second.

The question arises, is this loss detectable? Probably not because (a)
it is so miniscule, and (b) each body also receives ambient quanta from
other bodies which compensates for the loss. Thus the individual quanta
may be thought of as the "virtual" or exchange particle of gravity
(although the mechanics is different).

Other questions:  Is the sublimation rate variable for any reason? For
example, would near absolute zero temperatures affect the rate? If not,
what would?  And, is any of this detectable with present day
technology?

Collaterally, would extremely high temperatures affect S?

Also, might a body of great mass (ten suns or more) affect sublimation?

In summary, in regard to the basic questions of gravity the present
theory has ascertained or explained quantitatively and qualitatively

          (a)  action at a distance -- and its corollary

          (b)  mutual attraction

          (c)  the gravity "virtual" particle or "gravity wave"

          (d)  the force engendered

          (e)  portion of mass radiated as gravitational quanta.

What we are in need of is a more exact picture of the mechanism of
absorption.

At this juncture we picture a continuum of free quanta approaching a
body at  c  and being drawn in at an increased velocity proportional to
the number of particles comprising the body. Thus the conclusion is
that all particles of the body simultaneously draw on each and every
ambient quantum the more particles (mass) comprising the body, the
faster the draw and consequently the greater the force.

As a given quantum is drawn in it must, being indivisible, be
eventually pulled away from other absorbing quanta and become an
integral part of a single fermion.

But what is the cause or mechanism of absorption, and how do we
quantify it?

At base we believe the mechanism must be the vortex action described
for the strong force. This is the most logical prospect.

However, taking the vortex force as 8.455122 x 10^-22 dyne as given at
the full radius of a single proton, and applying it to an ambient
quantum, the resultant -- by rough estimate -- is found to be too
great, i.e., greater than gravity by twenty eight orders of ten.

Of course there are differences. The strong force operates between two
nuclei extremely close to their centers whereas the gravity situation
has many fermions spread over a wide range absorbing inactive ambient
quanta. In addition these quanta are impacting at c. This c has to be
absorbed and then surpassed before a force can be exerted in the
direction from which the quanta are arriving.

In addition, in the final stage the absorbed quantum is drawn in many
different directions and, because it is indivisible, finally absorbed
by only one fermion. All these conditions must result in a reduction of
force. However, it is extremely difficult to quantitatively assess
them.

  REGARDING  CURVED  SPACE  AND  THE  PRESENT  THEORY  OF  GRAVITY

Apparently the universe is comprised of a cluster of galaxy clusters.

We know that galaxies rotate -- and so do virtually all things in
cosmology and on the quantum particle level.

Thereby, we ask:  Does the universe rotate?

If so, we ask

    (a) What is the effect of rotation as to centrifugal force?

    (b) How would rotation affect Doppler readings?

    (c) Does light from distant sources undergo the Coriolis effect?

    (d) Do gravity quanta suffer the coriolis effect?

    (e) If so would that not create the illusion that space is curved?

V. Vergon

1980 - 1995

                               End